Content With Dying by Chokehold free essay sample

Strangle hold is a metallic no-nonsense band from Canada that, while just remaining together around six years, was a set up and compelling act in the straight-edge/veggie lover bad-to-the-bone scene. Their subsequent collection, â€Å"Content With Dying,† is effectively their angriest and generally enthusiastic, which is truly saying something; if theres one thing Chokehold never did not have, its energy. You can concur or differ with their perspectives, however youve got the chance to regard a band that can put their message before their music and still come out with a close to great. Their messages arent exceptional either. Indeed, they are as yet dubious with sees on religion and fetus removal. The last is talked about in the melody â€Å"Not a Solution.† Presently, Id be lying in the event that I disclosed to you this band was comprised of great performers, yet that wouldnt be the point regardless of whether this collection put the music first. We will compose a custom exposition test on Content With Dying by Chokehold or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A decent measure of time on the collection is spent playing cuts from an old Young Republicans Youth Choir record †fundamentally a man examining the negative purposes of America, as the band proceeds to counter his contentions in the following tune. The musicianship isn't the point, as this record is stunningly shortsighted. Keeping a mid-beat all through, the band just trudges and chugs alongside the absolute generally made-for-headbanging riffs in the class, best exhibited in the initial track, â€Å"Underneath.† Comparable to it, the collection could utilize a touch of remastering. The creation is crude and appropriate for this kind of music, yet it feels empty at focuses, with an absence of low-end, and the drums are turned up higher than they ought to be, despite the fact that they themselves are delivered well and sound tight. The guitars ought to overwhelm the collection; theyre completely contorted and brimming with groove. Considerably more so than their past exertion, â€Å"Prisoner of Hope.† The band has curtailed the measure of breakdowns and song from that collection, and made the vocals progressively noticeable while keeping them similarly as extraordinary. Vocalist Chris Galas conveys his politically charged verses in a reasonable yelling style. His voice couldnt be more grounded, and the equivalent can be said for his verses, similar to those on the track â€Å"Conditioned†: â€Å"Does anyone give it a second thought? Or on the other hand would they say they are too bustling watching and learning? Stuck to the TV while the remainder of the world is burning.† Just like the musicianship, the verses are basic yet ground-breaking. â€Å"Content With Dying† isnt the most changed record; its pretty much a similar sort of metal-affected, chuggy riffs all through, yet this collections twenty-a few minutes of music doesnt give them sufficient opportunity to get old. Actually, on the off chance that anything, theres insufficient of them. Tragically this was Chokeholds last full-length endeavor, yet it stays truly outstanding in the class, also the heaviest and generally important. Its a basic expansion to any assortment of ?s bad-to-the-bone fan, and shouldnt be neglected by those intrigued by the class.

The Effects Of War On Humanity

The Effects Of War On Humanity A word reference meaning of War is a condition of open, equipped, regularly drawn out clash carried on between countries, states, or gatherings. While this definition is clear enough it doesn't verge on investigating the genuine significance of war as far as feelings and the impacts of war on mankind as point by point from the beginning of time by the artists. Wars before 1914 have propelled artists to record for descendants the grime hard realities of contention and the effect on lives While ravens and kites peck at human insides (Li Po or Li Bais Nefarious War). Different writers have utilized war to invigorate their crowd, perhaps to wage war When can their wonder blur? O the wild charge they made (Alfred Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade), while others have utilized verse to record superb acts to keep up the memory and maybe legitimize a past war So on they battled like a whirl of living fire (Homers The Iliad) which stayed distinctly as a verbal record for quite a l ong time before it was recorded. The sonnets examined have investigated the various parts of war. From Homers The Iliad and his heavenly portrayal of Menelaus Finest Hour through to Alfred Lord Tennysons reverence to mental fortitude and respect in his observed The Charge of the Light Brigade to Li Pos Nefarious War this exposition will investigate how artists have thought about the effect of war on humankind. This exposition will address the straightforward cadence of Whitmans Beat! Beat! Drums! what's more, story gave in another Walt Whitmans requiem Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night I kept one night. This exposition will differentiate the magnificence of a mounted force accuse of Whitmans smashing depiction of the degeneration of a dispossessed mother in Come up from the Fields Father. This exposition will consider how these sonnets think about over the scope of feeling all of which humankind has encountered when war is pronounced, battled or finished up. This article will likewise make reference on Joh n Scotts The Drum, contrasting with the aversion for the various hints of war. Homers The Iliad is an epic sonnet recounting to the narrative of the Trojan War. It is set in a period where individuals believed the Gods to be almighty and present in life affecting each part of human presence. The war alluded to in The Iliad was the Trojan War battled between the Greeks and the Trojans in what is currently terrain Turkey. The war occurred in the eighth or ninth century BC. The epic sonnet concerned the acclaimed story of the snatching of Helen of Troy by Paris and her better half, the Greek King Menelaus war to recover her and demolish the city of Troy. The Greeks landed near Troy and blockaded the city for a long time. During these years various fights were battled and The Iliad gave a story of these commitment. One such scene portrays the battle about the body Patroclus, a companion of Achilles, who had been murdered by Hector, the Trojan saint. In depicting the battle for Patroclus body Homer reviews the divine beings Ares, Athena lastly Zeus and thinks about the warriors endeavors to those of the Gods Not even Aresâ [1]â , lasher of armed forces, not in any event, Athena [2] Watching the fight here could hate its anger Homer shows the incomparable exertion made to recoup the body of a dead confidant. The utilization of anaphora here assists with featuring the goliath exertion exhibited during the contention that not even the demonstrations of Gods could think about. This examination by Homer may have been a helpful gadget with regards to the occasions wherein the sonnet was retold generally by making a trip on-screen characters carrying stories to far off Greek towns, the correlation of exertion to that of the Gods suggests superhuman quality planned, most likely, to move amazement from the townspeople. Along these lines the Iliad can likewise be contrasted with a sort of publicity, not exclusively to engage the majority, yet additionally to advise them that the men at arms in the administration of the King were to be respected as well as dreaded; thusly demonstrating an impact on mankind. Homer sets a scene that is brimming with men catching, battling and stressing. This titan like battle appears differently in relation to Whitmans funeral poem Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night I kept on the field one night where the creators reflections on the after fight scene depict a calm forlorn spot Vigil wondrous and vigil sweet there in the fragrant quiet night, But not a tear fell, not so much as a since a long time ago drawn moan, long, long I looked.. His utilization of since quite a while ago drawn murmur and redundancy of long propose existence for reflection rather than the jam-packed feel of the battle in the Iliad. Further, Homers portrayal of the earth Fought on at their straightforwardness underneath a reasonable blue sky, Sharp splendor of daylight sparkling round them, not a cloud in sight to shadow the earth and mountains. Men who battled a good ways off worked with visit breaks recommend a sun singed, blistering perspiring place where coarseness and res idue blend in with blood to make a fearsome scene. The symbolism made would have been natural to audience members who will have perceived such a hot eastern Mediterranean atmosphere. Homers endeavors to guarantee his audience members acknowledgment go some approach to permitting sympathy with the saints in the sonnet. This story style diverges from the short cut stanza in The Drumby John Scott which has a nonattendance of any depiction of the earth where the contentions alluded to happen. In The Iliad, Homer puts things in place giving a foundation to the audience to associate with though Whitmans sonnet has no aim or requirement for such depiction as his aim is drastically extraordinary. InThe Drumthe condition has no significance over the message that the beating of the drum is the courier of fate. Likewise, Beat! Beat! Drums! by Walt Whitman is being portrayed by a conditional officer; the fighter shows the scorn he acquires for this drum is pounding for the reporting of war breaking out. John Scott utilizes an exceptionally basic lovely gadget in The Drum; he uses beautiful meter to make the musicality along these lines making a reverberation of the drums. He utilizes versifying tetrameter as appeared in the accompanying citation; I despise that drums harsh sound/marching round, and round, and round. The example of the pushed and unstressed syllables (-/ -/ -/ -/) passes on how the drum in the sonnet is being played. For Scott, the sound is scornful as it calls yo ungsters to battle and fall in outside grounds. In Whitmans sonnet he composes utilizing free section, be that as it may, the overwhelming weights on the syllables on the initial line likewise shows the sound of the drum. This proposes the dangerous idea of war on humankind. The utilization of sound to word imitation in Beat! Beat! Drums! likewise recommends this. In Homers The Iliad, I feel just as Homers investigation on the impact of war on humankind is clear. He shows the truly difficult experience of being on the combat zone, with the divine beings as uninvolved observers. The Iliad incorporates a great deal of references to the youngsters associated with fight; Grim and difficult, tenacious dousing work, constant. Homer is making it understood using similar sounding word usage, a rundown and negative words that these men are buckling down. This can be contrasted with the funeral poem Come Up From The Fields Father, as Whitman additionally shows the impact war has on youngsters. Be that as it may, the two distinct writers have various plans to put across to the peruser. Homer needed to show the advantages of the youthful battling in view of the excited methodology uncovered by them. Whitman needed to show the negative impact of war on the youthful fighters and their families. In the sonnet the group of the youthful warrior gets a letter t hat reveals to them he has been harmed; shot injury in the bosom, mounted force engagement, taken to clinic. The effect the letter has on the family is obliterating and when the mother discovers that her solitary child is dead, she is so sadness stricken that she needs beyond words. The second old sonnet viable is Li Pos Nefarious War. Li Po or Li Bai, the variety of Romanization of à ¦Ã¢ Ã¥ ½Ã£ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢ ½, was a writer who lived around 700 BC in supreme China. He was a well known writer who composed numerous sonnets on differed subjects including war, love and wine. He was famous for his capacity to compose without amendment. His vocation was spent in the court of the Chin Dynastyâ [3]â but he fell foul to court interest and inevitably ended it all. Li Po was not a trooper but rather in his Nefarious War the speaker is unmistakably a warrior, who discusses his exhaustion with struggle and his appearance on wars sway. At the hour of composing majestic China was occupied with nonstop battle to guard its outskirts against ravaging clans. The effect on its kin was extensive. Given the huge size of China it was unrealistic to guard all the domain under the head and accordingly much time was spent on the battle where the armed forces would venture out for a con siderable length of time to battle warring crowds or clans endeavoring to take an area, individuals or assets. Po appears to propose war is unavoidable. His first refrain portrays areas of the battles the head-stream of the Sang-kan, the Tsung-ho street, the floods of Chiao-chi lake and the fields on Tien-shans blanketed slants. This can be contrasted with Homers depiction of the fields of Troy where a particular fight is battled for a particular explanation. Li Po gives no specific political motivation to war other than the requirement for resistance against an enemy. Loathsome War recommends an unwavering, granulating wearing down where the protectors of the domain should be ever attentive Where the Chin ruler manufactured the dividers against the Tartars, There the safeguards of Han are consuming reference point fires. The guide fires consume and never go out, There is no limit to war this meaning a steady condition of readiness utilizing similar sounding word usage to make the point consuming signal flames./The reference point fires consume where the utilization of B gives a cruel staccat o and redundancy give a preface to the last There is no limit to war proposing a debilitating vigil followed by the recommendation of regret that no limit to the contention is in sight. Because of the discouraging language Po employments,

Coprolites - Fossil Feces as a Scientific Study

Coprolites - Fossil Feces as a Scientific Study Coprolite (plural coprolites) is the specialized term for saved human (or creature) excrement. Saved fossil defecation are an entrancing report in antiquarianism, in that they give direct proof of what an individual creature or human ate. An excavator can discover dietary stays away pits, midden stores, and inside stone or earthenware vessels, however materials found inside human fecal issue are clear and unrefutable proof that a specific nourishment was expended. Key Takeaways: Coprolites Coprolites are fossilized or saved human or creature dung, and the focal point of logical research since the 1950s. Studied substance incorporate plant and creature stays, intestinal parasites and bugs, and DNA. Depending on the setting they are found in, coprolites give data about the eating regimen and wellbeing of an individual warm blooded animal or a community. Two different classes of the logical investigation of fecal matter are sewage or cesspit stores, and intestinal or gut contents.â Coprolites are a universal component of human life, however they save best in dry gives in and rock shields and are at times found in sand ridges, dry soils, and bog edges. They contain proof of diet and means, however they likewise can contain data about sickness and pathogens, sexual orientation, and old DNA, proof in a way that isn't promptly accessible somewhere else. Three Classes In the investigation of human fecal matter, there are commonly three classes of protected fecal remains that are found archeologically: sewage, coprolites, and intestinal substance. Sewage or Cess, including privy pits or toilets, cesspits, sewers, and channels, contain generally combined arrays of human defecation with kitchen and other natural and inorganic squanders. At the point when they are discovered all around saved, especially when water-logged, cess stores give important data on the network or family diet and living conditions.Coprolites are singular fossil or subfossil excrement, protected through burning, mineralization, or found as parched examples in caverns and very bone-dry spots. Each example gives proof to nourishments eaten by an individual, and whenever found in a lavatory zone can likewise uncover network wide diets.Intestinal or Gut Contents alludes to saved human stays found inside the digestive organs of all around protected human or creature bodies. These are of the most estimation of the three for an investigation of an individual, since they are basically uncontaminated remains which hold data on at generally a couple of dinners, indee d, the last supper that the individual expended. Gut substance are moderately uncommon revelations, discovered just when entire people are safeguarded, on account of regular or (if not very broad) social embalmment, freezing or freeze-drying (for instance, Otzi the Tyrolean Iceman), or waterlogging, (for example, European Iron Age lowland bodies). Content A human or creature coprolite can contain a various scope of natural and mineral materials. Plant stays found in fossil dung incorporate somewhat processed seeds, natural products, and natural product parts, dust, starch grains, phytoliths, diatoms, consumed organics (charcoal), and little plant pieces. Creature parts incorporate tissue, bones, and hair. Different kinds of articles found in fecal issue incorporate intestinal parasites or their eggs, bugs, or bugs. Bugs, specifically, distinguish how the individual put away nourishment; the nearness of coarseness could be proof of nourishment handling procedures; and consumed nourishment and charcoal is proof of cooking strategies. Studies on Steroids Coprolite contemplates are now and again alluded to as microhistology, yet they incorporate a wide scope of subjects: paleo diet, paleo-pharmacology (the investigation of old drugs), paleoenvironment and regularity; natural chemistry, sub-atomic examination, palynology, paleobotany, paleozoology, and antiquated DNA. Those examinations necessitate that the defecation be rehydrated, utilizing a fluid (regularly a water arrangement of tri-sodium phosphate) to reconstitute the dung, sadly additionally including the scents. At that point the reconstituted material is inspected under nitty gritty light and electron magnifying lens examination, just as exposed to radiocarbon dating, DNA investigation, large scale and small scale fossil examinations and different investigations of inorganic substance. Coprolite contemplates have additionally incorporated the examinations of synthetic, immunological protein, steroids (which decide sex), and DNA considers, notwithstanding phytoliths, dust, parasites, green growth, and infections. Exemplary Coprolite Studies Hinds Cave, a dry stone asylum in southwest Texas which had been utilized as a toilet for tracker gatherers around 6,000 years back contained a few stores of dung, 100 examples of which were gathered by paleontologist Glenna Williams-Dean in the late 1970s. The information Dean gathered during her Ph.D. look into have been considered and examined by ages of researchers since that time. Senior member herself ran pioneer trial paleontology examines utilizing understudies to give test fecal issue emerging from archived dietary info, an unmatched informational collection even today. Groceries perceived in the Hinds Cave included agave, opuntia, and allium; regularity considers showed that the defecation had been stored between winter-late-winter and summer. One of the soonest found bits of valid proof for pre-Clovis locales in North America was from coprolites found at Paisley 5 Mile Point Caves in Oregon state. The recuperation of 14 coprolites was accounted for in 2008, the most established separately radiocarbon dated to 12,300 RCYBP (14,000 schedule years prior). Tragically, every one of them were defiled by the excavators, yet a few included antiquated DNA and other hereditary markers for Paleoindian individuals. Most as of late, biomarkers found in the soonest dated example recommend it was not human all things considered, despite the fact that Sistiaga and associates had no clarification for the nearness of Paleoindian mtDNA inside it. Other tenable pre-Clovis destinations have been found since that time. History of the Study The most significant defender of examination into coprolites was Eric O. Callen (1912â€1970), a dissident Scottish botanist intrigued by plant pathologies. Callen, with a Ph.D. in organic science from Edinburgh, filled in as a plant pathologist at McGill University and in the mid 1950s, one of his associates was Thomas Cameron (1894â€1980), an individual from the parasitology staff. In 1951, paleologist Junius Bird (1907â€1982) visited McGill. A couple of years before his visit, Bird had found coprolites at the site of Huaca Prieta de Chicama in Peru and gathered a couple of fecal examples from the digestion tracts of a mummy found at the site. Feathered creature gave the examples to Cameron and approached him to scan for proof of human parasites. Callen scholarly of the examples and requested a couple of tests of his own to examine, to search for hints of parasites that contaminate and demolish maize. In their article relating Callans significance to the microhistology, American archeologists Vaughn Bryant and Glenna Dean bring up how wonderful it is this absolute first investigation of old human coprolites was directed by two researchers with no conventional preparing in human sciences. Callans job in the spearheading study incorporated the distinguishing proof of an appropriate rehydration process, despite everything utilized today: a feeble arrangement of trisodium phosphate utilized by zoologists in comparable investigations. His examination was essentially confined to naturally visible investigations of the remaining parts, yet the examples contained a wide assortment of macrofossils that mirrored the antiquated eating regimen. Callan, who passed on directing exploration at Pikimachay, Peru in 1970, is credited with creating strategies and advancing the investigation when microhistology was decried as unusual research. Chosen Sources Bryant, Vaughn M., and Glenna W. Senior member. Archeological Coprolite Science: The Legacy of Eric O. Callen (1912â€1970). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237.1 (2006): 51â€66. Print.Camacho, Morgana, et al. Recouping Parasites from Mummies and Coprolites: An Epidemiological Approach. Parasites Vectors 11.1 (2018): 248. Print.Chaves, Sã ©rgio Augusto de Miranda, and Karl J. Reinhard. Basic Analysis of Coprolite Evidence of Medicinal Plant Use, Piauã ­, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237.1 (2006): 110â€18. Print.Dean, Glenna W. The Science of Coprolite Analysis: The View from Hinds Cave. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 237.1 (2006): 67â€79. Print.Reinhard, Karl J., et al. Understanding the Pathoecological Relationship between Ancient Diet and Modern Diabetes through Coprolite Analysis: A Case Example from Antelope Cave, Mojave County, Arizona. Current Anthropology 53.4 (2012): 506â€12. Print.Wood, Jamie R ., and Janet M. Wilmshurst. A Protocol for Subsampling Late Quaternary Coprolites for Multi-Proxy Analysis. Quaternary Science Reviews 138 (2016): 1â€5. Print.

Character Analysis Child of the Dark - Free Essay Example

Patrick McGuire Latin American History 3/17/2010 Child of the Dark Essay I found Child of the Dark interesting because Carolina’s diary captures both her highs and lows emotionally. She can be very judgmental but also sympathetic. Her upbringing had a great influence on the shaping of her character. She was an illegitimate child of her father who was married to another woman. Because of this, she was treated as an outcast growing up. She had a very aggressive personality because she was always defending herself. But most importantly, she went to school just long enough to learn how to read and write. This ability and her passion for education separated from the rest in the favelas, I dont know how to sleep without reading. I like to leaf through a book. The book is mans best invention so far. (Jesus 17) Race seems to not be an issue with Carolina as much as education. She is a well educated and self-sufficient black mother and has difficulty dealing with the ignorance of t hose living in the favelas. When she mentions race, she always ties it back to education. As she mentions the anniversary of the Abolition, she says â€Å"In the jails the Negroes were the scapegoats. But now the whites are more educated and don’t treat us any more with contempt. May God enlighten the whites so that the Negroes may have a happier life. † (Jesus 23) She doesn’t pass judgment on the whites as a race, she blames ignorance. This is quite unique, because she frequently mentions that she is harassed for being black throughout her diary. Beyond education, she also considered herself a very devout catholic. She considers God her greatest asset as she deals with the temptation to steal food or other necessities. She states that favela life leads people with normally good moral conscience to do things they normally wouldn’t. She takes pride in the fact she supports her children without stealing and attributes her faith. Though Carolina defies a number of stereotypes about the poor, her views of the world are definitely influenced by her class standing. By comparison, class is significantly more important to Carolina than race. Though she states that education is the solution to racism, she also has a condescending view of the elite, who she believes to be exploitative and pretentious. Throughout the diary, Carolina reveals herself as a complicated individual. She describes life in the favelas as hopeless, yet she manages to rise above it in many ways. By being the exception to the rule, she further complicates the issues at hand. She describes and experiences firsthand the social and economic weight that falls upon the lower class. She believes the conditions are unreasonably difficult and expresses this difficulty by comparing it to slavery, â€Å"The birthday of my daughter, Vera Eunice. I wanted to buy a pair of shoes for her, but the price of feed keeps us from realizing our desires. Actually we are slaves to the cost of living. I found a pair of shoes in the garbage, washed them, and patched them for her to wear. (Jesus 3) At the same time doesn’t excuse them from responsibility for their own choices, I can take the ups and downs of life. If I cant store up courage to live, Ive resolved to store up patience. (Jesus 10)

The Link Between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1760 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Domestic Violence Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In 2017, 90% of the 1,873 domestic violence programs in the United States contributed to a survey conducted by the National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV). In this particular survey, NNEDV collected data over a 24-hour period from the participating organizations on September 17th of that year, compiling together the number and types of calls they received. The study found that over 72,000 victims in the United States were served in a single day (NNEDV, 2017). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Link Between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence" essay for you Create order Coupled with this information is the fact that in a study verified by the United States Humane Society, upwards of 71% of domestic violence victims stated that their abuser lashed out at pets as well (The Humane Society, 2017). Considering that animal cruelty and domestic violence are pressing issues that are often intertwined with one another, there are a few observable links that exist between the two. Some of these links include having the low activity variant of the MAOA gene, childhood trauma, heightened levels of testosterone, and exposure to societal pressures (I.e. toxic masculinity). In this paper, these links will be analyzed, and their likelihood as being potential indicators for physical violence and cruelty will be determined. Given the fact that so many cases of domestic violence and animal cruelty go unreported every year, this paper will also establish how these links may manifest in public spaces, and how potential signs of abuse/cruelty can be reported. Link #1: MAOA-L The MAOA gene, colloquially referred to as the Warrior gene, is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine is responsible for motor-function and releasing feel-good chemicals, while serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, sleep, and emotions. In individuals that have the low-activity variant of the MAOA gene (MAOA-L), heightened aggression and impulsiveness have been observed (Cohen, 2018). This is due to the fact that MAOA-L does not break down dopamine and serotonin as efficiently as it should. This inefficiency results in the neurotransmitters not being broken as quickly, resulting in irregularities in dopamine and serotonin levels that lead to the previously stated symptoms. That is not to say that everyone with the low-activity variant of the MAOA gene is prone to committing acts of violence, however. In a study published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), it is stated that approximately 40% of the worlds population has the MAOA-L variant of the gene (Hunter, 2010). Although possessing this variant of the gene does not necessarily indicate that one will commit an act of violence, the presence of MAOA-L increases ones likelihood to commit a violent act. Keeping this in mind, many have turned to using behavioral genetics in recent years to explain why a spouse may lash out against their partner, or commit an act of violence against an animal. In states such as Michigan, however, domestic violence and abuse are not recognized as a sufficient defense, so the application of this type of science in a courtroom setting is minimal at this point in time. Because MAOA-L results in irregularities in the production of serotonin and dopamine in ones body, this leads to blind aggression. If someone with MAOA-L is provoked, they will typically lash out on what provoked them in a verbal or physical manner. This implies that this particular link between domestic violence and animal abuse is not necessarily causal, as the associated gene is largely blind to particular instances due to the fact that aggression spurred by MAOA-L is mostly impulsive. Link #2: Childhood Trauma Another link between domestic violence and animal abuse can be observed through individuals that have suffered childhood trauma. Due to the fact that people often experience a tremendous amount of neurological development during their adolescence, particularly traumatic events may lead to inhibited growth of the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions that control impulsiveness, rationale, and aggression (Prefrontal Cortex, 2015). For children that have experienced childhood trauma that also codes for the low activity variant of the MAOA gene, their likelihood to commit an act of domestic violence or abuse animals raises even more. If ones amygdala and prefrontal cortex are stunted/damaged, this has been shown to interfere with ones ability to make rational decisions and reign in their emotions. With an inadequate dispersal and production of dopamine and serotonin as a result of MAOA-L, this would intensify ones emotional instability. A study published by NCBI pointed to a lack of nurture on behalf of parents may also lead to developmental disorders down the line such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder (Petersen, 2014). Oppositional Defiant Disorder is the tendency to defy authority figures. This could include police, teachers, and parents. Conduct Disorder, on the other hand, is often categorized as a disorder wherein someone will not abide by conventional social norms, and instead express regressive behavioral patterns. What is peculiar about these two disorders is the fact that they are both diagnosed during adolescence, and presumably influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In analyzing CD and ODD, antisocial and disobedient tendencies have been observed at much higher rates in criminals that have committed physically violent acts such as murder, rape, and domestic abuse. (Febres, 2014) Perhaps the most prominent link between animal abuse and domestic violence as it pertains to childhood trauma has been through the act of committing animal abuse during ones adolescence. In studies with criminals that have been found to have caused unnecessary pain and/or death to animals while they were children, it was found that they were more likely to carry those acts of violence into adulthood. It was also found that many offenders would commit acts against people that were similar to acts they committed against animals. This points to the fact that animal abuse may in some ways condition offenders to commit violence against their spouse, or other individuals that may set them off (Febres, 2014). Link #3: Hormonal Aspects of Violence Testosterone is the sex hormone found in males that is responsible for developing secondary sex characteristics (body hair, muscle growth) and the male reproductive system (scrotum, prostate, testes, etc.). While development is testosterones primary function, there are some additional effects, particularly as it pertains to mood. Testosterone is an anabolic steroid. Like other identified anabolic steroids, testosterone leads to increased activity in the amygdala, which is responsible for emotionally driven responses and actions. Because there is increased activity in the amygdala, this redirects most neural communication away from the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for rational decision making, leading to heightened levels of aggression and a shorter temper (Pinto, 2010). In a study researching the biological correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration, it was corroborated that testosterone does, in fact, lead to heightened levels of marital aggression, as well as an increased risk in committing intimate partner violence. While it has been found that testosterone does indeed result in heightened levels of aggression, it has also been found that it may be mediating as it pertains to the quality of ones marriage. Despite this conflicting finding, it has also been found that people are more likely to file for divorce as well (Pinto, 2010). Much like the previously established links, the correlation between animal abuse and domestic violence is aggregated through aggression and rage. In a study published by American Humane, it was stated that 71% of women seeking shelter from an abusive partner stated that their partner threatened to kill, harm, or maim their pets. As this study looking into domestic partnerships between men and women, a likely inference can be drawn that these abusive partners in fact had heightened levels of testosterone, given their overtly aggressive tendencies (Understanding the Link Between Animal Abuse and Family Violence, 2016) Link #4: Societal Aspects of Violence, and Toxic Masculinity So far, three links have been established between animal abuse and domestic violence that have largely been based on behavioral genetics. One additional link between these two acts can be drawn not through genetics, but environmental factors. The most prominent among these is the idea of toxic masculinity, and the cycle of socialization. The principal idea of the cycle of socialization is that from birth, one is socialized by their environment, and bombarded with messages that reinforce particular ideologies. This includes gender norms, religious beliefs, and specific behavioral patterns. This pattern of socialization in the most extreme of circumstances may lead to someones upbringing having a negative effect on their temperament and reactions to certain individuals. Toxic masculinity, referred to as hegemonic masculinity in the field of gender studies, is one trait that may be acquired through socialization. The core tenet of hegemonic masculinity is Manifestation of Links in Public Spaces. Conclusion At the root of all of the links between animal abuse and domestic violence that have been observed in this paper lies aggression, neurological anomalies, and errors associated with cell communication and/or signaling. All of these signs and symptoms, while not 100% indicative of the likelihood of one to commit an act of violence or animal cruelty, do in fact point to an increased likelihood of doing so. From the data compiled above, the most likely offenders are going to be males with high levels of testosterone that have the low activity variant of MAOA, who have also experienced stunted growth of their prefrontal cortex as a result of childhood trauma. At the end of the day, however, anyone is capable of committing acts of violence. It is for this reason why the behavioral genetics that points to the increased likelihood of committing acts of violence should be noted, but not used as definitive evidence to apprehend or besmirch someone. Since behavioral genetics is a relatively new field that is constantly experiencing brand new developments, the science behind why people commit acts of domestic violence and animal abuse is not entirely clear. While researchers have published papers on apparent links between the two, as well as reasons why people may commit overt acts of aggression during their adolescence and adulthood, all of the factors associated with it have not been properly identified. This can be observed through the fact that not all perpetrators of domestic violence and animal abuse are men with MAOA-L, heightened levels of testosterone, and victims of childhood trauma. This indicates one of two things: There is a common factor that has not yet been identified or each of the identified factors that boost the likelihood of committing a violent act are not necessarily intertwined. Because of the current ambiguity surrounding the topics of domestic violence and animal abuse and their linkage as it pertains to behavioral genetics and environmental factors, research of this topic is far from conclusive.

Persuasive Essay (Nuclear Energy) - 1543 Words

â€Å"A tiny speck of plutonium-239, as little as three millionths of a gram, can cause lung cancer. One pound of plutonium-239 contains enough specks to kill nine billion people instantly† (Pringle 26). Plutonium-239 is a human-made element, also known as the most dangerous substance on earth. As a by-product of uranium fission, plutonium-239 is created by generating electricity from nuclear sources. Contrary to popular belief, nuclear energy is hazardous and threatening to health. The use of nuclear energy should be banned as evidenced by the number of accidents, health effects, and global impact. Countless nuclear power plant accidents have been occurring quite frequently since its invention. Some accidents have even been underestimated,†¦show more content†¦Large radioactive clouds also covered up the sky of Europe, resulting in the evacuation of thousands of families in various countries as well. As these accidents and their disastrous results suggest, nuclear en ergy is a threat and should not be used. Even though nuclear power plants threaten the health and safety of many people, nuclear energy is being used in other ways as well, which may be even more dangerous. In 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, in order to end World War II. This event was the only time a nuclear weapon was used in the history. During the first two to four months, approximately 90,000 to 166,000 people died as a result. Wilfred Burchett quoted, â€Å"When you arrive in Hiroshima, you can look around and for 25 and perhaps 30 square miles you can neither see hardly a building nor a standing human. All of them are collapsed on the ground.† Yet, having seen the destructive effects of nuclear weapons, the United States currently still owns more than 7000 nuclear weapons, in which half of them could be launched in less than ten minutes. Russia is believed to be a holder of the same number or more nuclear weapons as well. The United States and Russia are the two countries with the most nuclear weapons, but in total, the number adds up to around 19,000 worldwide. Many people do not give a thought about this dangerous situation, since these weapons areShow MoreRelatedCritical Response Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Response Essay The real debate - the pipe-dream or nuclear? Mark Kenny The Nation Mark Kennys article on the coal power versus nuclear power debate was published in the Advertiser on the 31st of October 2009. The Advertiser is South Australias only daily tabloid newspaper, and is widely distributed around South Australia allowing for a large dispersion of readers from diverse cultural backgrounds and an assortment of age groups. 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Victoria Mental Health Reforms

Question: Write about theVictoria Mental Health Reforms. Answer: Introduction Mental health issues continue to affect the progress of many nations across the globe. According to statistical research, many people in the current era are mentally sick due to the lifestyles they cherry pick. Dynamics such as the over usage of drugs and alcohol has played a crucial role in elevating the issue to a certain peak. Due to this, the government of Australia in conjunction with state governments have embraced divergent counter attack measures to ensure that the wellbeing of the masses is uplifted irrespective of the challenges that they face in their daily endeavors. Victoria which is located in the southeast section of Australia is recorded as the most populated state. It is essential to note that the state government of Victoria deserves the praise directed upon it due to the health reforms that have been witnessed in the last few years. However, in as much as the government strives to ensure that the level or rather quality of services is streamlined in all the health platforms, the mental health reforms in Victoria have been outstanding (McGorry, et al. 2016). Palpably, many people in the entire nation are bound to benefit from similar reforms that are implemented to boost the health sector not only in Victoria but in the entire region. This essay assesses the reforms through a bid of divulging the primary differences and similarities that cling in the much scrutinized mental health reforms in Victoria. Victorias Mental Health Sector Overview Australia can brag to have some of the most equipped and developed medical service institutions as compared to many other nations across the globe. The masses in Australia are mobilized to get medical coverage through policies that are effective and beneficial to the majority living within the nation (Badland et al., 2014). The heavy population in Victoria has been a driving force which has propelled the government to make alterations that merge with the expectations of the people dwelling in this state. Based from their experts finding, many mental health victims have been suffering due to social discrimination and the existence of insufficient rules that protect them against the common milestones that people with disability face in the contemporary epoch (Patel et al., 2014). Nonetheless, the new reforms come as good news because the previous efforts had not be full-filling most of the notifiable problems. The core purpose of these reforms is to ensure that most people in Victoria are healthy and free from factors that drag their efficacy in building the state (Willis Keleher, 2016). As mentioned early, these reforms range from dogmas that stabilizes the use of harmful drug substances to those that empower the people to support the mentally ill victims in Victoria. Just to mention, the significance of mobilizing the people to support the sick patients reveals the direction that the state government has been willing to embrace through the entire program. This is mainly due to the fact that the new changes directly require the intervention and support of those who are mentally stable in the society. For instance, the government pin pointed that it is through the assistance of other people that the medical experts can get the correct information concerning the historical backgrounds of most of the mentally ill patients (Lewis Garton, 2017). Consequently, encouraging people from divergen t locations to contribute in the formation and implementation of legit reforms has boosted the plan magnificently. The Strategic Priorities of the Reforms and the Differences The first priority of the reforms is to alter the legislation program of the mental health management. At this point, the government yearns to ensure that the legislation of all the major health care transactions are effective enough for the people of Victoria. Therefore, more experts have been deployed in the field to carry out more research works molded to fetch more affirmative results to the plan. Additionally, the government has increased the medical budget to facilitate all the proposed management changes. It is worth mentioning that financial milestones have tainted a number of health reforms in many developing nations. However, the support that the state government of Victoria has been getting from the federal government and other non-governmental organizations has been vital in hoisting their operations. This has been different in the past couples of years whereby; the citizens had been complaining of negligence from the agents of the government (Lal Adair, 2014). Furthermo re, funds that were initially mismanaged are today traced and all the involved stakeholders and managers in diverse setups are expected to deliver positive results at all times. Additionally, the reforms are shaped to improve the mental health services offered to the populaces. This has been partially achieved in most mental health hospital in Victoria. It can be asserted that the strict employment procedure which has been implemented has played a vital part under this point. This concept is concreted because the nurses and physician who are currently preferred are those who possess the recommended credentials and those who have undergone through all the required training programs (Hercelinskyj, 2014). This exposes a major difference between the present reforms and the past situation. In past, most efforts were directed towards reforming other medication sectors. Many students were lured to specialize on other healthcare programs that were prioritized in the nation. On the other hand, the new reforms in the mental health platform have been fundamental in shading light on the importance of supporting experts under this wide field of study. The reforms also support community based programs that elevate mass awareness within the state. This concept can be supported through the measures that have been influential in enticing the people to support the medical operations of the government. For example, the people are allowed to participate openly in the reformation of different reformation programs. Through the cohesion amongst the people of Victoria, the government and medical experts are able to enlighten the people on how they can maintain positive lifestyles, and also, on how they can protect their mental health (Happell et al., 2015). Before this, there was a vivid gap between both the people and the government and the healthy masses and the mentally affected victims. Currently, the medical experts value the interests and pleas of the citizens in line with other issues that create the much desired unity amongst people living in similar geographical locations (Barry, 2014). Another reform revolves around the stabilization of strategies that build better working environments and those that link up diverse services to uplift the mental health sector. According to McSherry Wilson (2015), the past negative experiences of medical experts can be proclaimed to have affected the working panache of many physicians. Thus, the alterations which have be made have been extremely helpful. The employee compensation measures are today improved. An in-depth evaluation reveals that protecting the rights of workers in Victoria has been vital throughout their missions. Similarities The recorded incline in mental health research works depicts a major similarity between the past situation and the present. The federal government continues to support the work of medical researchers regardless of the political and economic problems that they face (Giacco et al., 2017). The state government of Victoria has also revealed some sparks of commitment towards improving the mental health situation in the nation. The involvement of key stakeholders in the entire process is a similarity that cannot be sidelined. For instance, both the state government and the national government have strived to protect their relationship with other non-governmental agencies (Gooding, 2016). This approach is imperative because the rights of both the healthy people and the sick victims are protected by many of these organizations. Conclusion In summary, the efforts of the state government of Victoria expose the importance of electing good leaders who can push for positive reformations in a country. The mentally ill victims across the globe continue to undergo different forms of challenges in their lives. Therefore, the government setups of many nations ought to consider aping similar policies that protect the rights of the people in line with their medical interests and milestones. Evidently, the development of a notion directly relies on the contribution of the people, albeit, the positive approaches are being neglected (Tengland, 2013). With this in mind, any scholar can assert that Victoria is in the right direction based from the issues that divulge the bright future of the state. There is no doubt the mentally ill patients will benefit from these reforms if the cohesion between the masses and the government is maintained over the coming years. References Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., Giles-Corti, B. (2014). Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social science medicine, 111, 64-73. Barry, C. L. (2014). Stigma, discrimination, treatment effectiveness, and policy: public views about drug addiction and mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 65(10), 1269-1272. Giacco, D., Amering, M., Bird, V., Craig, T., Ducci, G., Gallinat, J., Jovanovic, N. (2017). Scenarios for the future of mental health care: a social perspective. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 257-260. Gooding, P. (2016). From deinstitutionalisation to consumer empowerment: mental health policy, neoliberal restructuring and the closure of the Big bins in Victoria. Health Sociology Review, 25(1), 33-47. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Webster, S., McKenna, B., Millar, F., Stanton, R., Scott, D. (2015). Applying the World Health Organization Mental Health Action Plan to evaluate policy on addressing co-occurrence of physical and mental illnesses in Australia. Australian Health Review, 39(4), 370-378. Hercelinskyj, G. (2014). Perceptions from the front line: Professional identity in mental health nursing. International journal of mental health nursing, 23(1), 24-32. Lal, S., Adair, C. E. (2014). E-mental health: a rapid review of the literature. Psychiatric Services, 65(1), 24-32. Le Boutillier, C., Chevalier, A., Lawrence, V., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Macpherson, R., Slade, M. (2015). Staff understanding of recovery-orientated mental health practice: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Implementation Science, 10(1), 87. Lewis, M., Garton, S. (2017). Mental Health in Australia, 17882015: A History of Responses to Cultural and Social Challenges. In Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific (pp. 289-313). Springer US. McSherry, B., Wilson, K. (2015). The concept of capacity in Australian mental health law reform: Going in the wrong direction?. International journal of law and psychiatry, 40, 60-69. McGorry, P., Bates, T., Birchwood, M. (2016). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35. Patel, V., In Minas, I. H., In Cohen, A., In Prince, M. (2014). Global mental health: Principles and practice. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences. Tengland, P. A. (2013). Mental Health: A Philosophical Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Willis, E., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016). Understanding the Australian health care system. Sydney: Elsevier Health Sciences.

No Paper Essay Example

No Paper Essay Conflict and NegotiationOB in the Movies BUSM 2200 Team 7 An Analysis of Organizational Development and The Devil Wears Prada 11/16/2010 Leadership Power, Politics and Ethics Contents Leadership5 Is Miranda Priestly and effective Leader? What is her overall leadership STYLE? 5 Miranda Priestly and power9 Miranda’s Power Base – Measuring Bases of power9 COERSIVE10 Reward10 Legitimate10 Expert10 Andys response to Miranda’s Power Base runs through all 3 general areas relating to power11 Commitment11 compliance11 resistance11 Mirandas abuse of power and workplace bullying12 mirandas political activity13 Mirandas Influence tactics include: Pressure and legitimacy, rational persuasion13 Pressure13 legitimacy13 rational persuasion13 Miranda uses several forms of political activity – Blaming others, Associating with influential people and building coalitions14 Blaming others14 building coalitions14 Miranda Priestly and Ethics14 Plot Summary for The Devil Wears Prada (2006) In New York, the simple and naive just-graduated in journalism Andrea Sachs is hired to work as the second assistant of the powerful and sophisticated Miranda Priestly, the ruthless and merciless executive of the Runway fashion magazine. Andrea dreams to become a journalist and faces the opportunity as a temporary professional challenge. The first assistant Emily advises Andrea about the behaviour and preferences of their cruel boss, and the stylist Nigel helps Andrea to dress more adequately for the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on No Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Andrea changes her attitude and behaviour, affecting her private life and the relationship with her boyfriend Nate, her family and friends. In the end, Andrea learns that life is made of choices. The story tells the professional adventure of Andrea, whose greatest dream is to become a journalist. Andrea gets a job in the fashion industry through Runway magazine, the most famous of its type, to make ends meet. But Andrea wont develop her writing skills in the magazine, but her talents as the editor in chiefs assistant, Miranda. The problem is that Miranda is a merciless, posh and cruel woman, making the experience a living hell for the girl. The environment in the place will be cold and extremely critical with the physical appearance. The girl will have to change her simple and plain style, for a more trendy and elegant one, in order to gain the acceptance of her ruthless boss and colleagues, especially Emily, her unpleasant workmate. Despite everything against Andrea in the office, she will consider the experience as a challenge, drastically changing her clothes and self-image, with the help of Nigel, the magazines art director. Nevertheless, the job becomes extremely demanding, because of Mirandas tough work rhythm and nearly impossible tasks, leaving Andrea without a private life with her boyfriend, family and friends. Maybe the old Andrea has gone, now more preoccupied about her image and her future in the magazine Miranda Priestley, of Runway magazine tears up the landscape as a demanding fashion editor. She is a terror to everyone who is around her as is quickly depicted in the opening scenes of the movie. Her first assistant strives to please her and tries to emulate her, but one can sense that she s not quite as hard as she tries to put on. Into this mix comes a young woman who knows nothing of the fashion industry, has never read the magazine, and doesnt know who Miranda Priestley is. She only sees this as a stepping stone to another journalism position. Showing no fashion sense and immediately scorned by everyone, Miranda nonetheless hires her as the second assistant. When Miranda demands that she o btain the next unpublished Harry Potter manuscript, you can sense that she is trying to force her to quit, but it makes the young woman dig in to please her boss. With the help of one of the magazines fashion editors; she gets a complete makeover and a new security. However, with her new appearance and the demands placed on her, she starts to lose her friends, family and her live-in boy friend. As she is whisked away to Paris leaving Emily behin, Miranda and andrea faces all of the glamour that could be hers, including a flashy if not artificial freelance journalist, she is forced to make the decision of where she wants to be in her life. hen Miranda does a terrible thing by not giving the ceo position to nigel who deserved it she puts jaqueline (her competition for her job) andrea decided she doesnt want to be like Miranda and walks away Analysis of Conflict the Devil Wears Prada Conflict is defined as a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something the first person cares about Miranda is the editor and editor and chief of runway magazine she is the hard he aded, powerful, rude, Dysfunctional conflict Miranda is always concerned with herself and not her employies. Group improvement is something Miranda doesn’t care about which causes conflict within the organization. This is not always bad because it makes andrea get everything together and fast Communication-source conflict Lack of communication is a lare cause of the conflict in this movie. Miranda tells her employees what to do instead of communicating with them to find our issues and solve problems. Mirandas leadership which is veru abrasive caused employees to feel undermines and useless, this causes low self esteem, fear and panic Conflict management strategies There is little problem sovling in the movie Miranda just wants everything done her way and doesn’t help andrea when shes been given 100 tasks to do in such little time. Shes using the forcing teachnique to get all her employees to do her tasks and they comply because of their fear of Miranda Andrea uses the avoidance technique towards Miranda as well as the employees as they run away when Miranda is coming into the room. Resolving personality conflicts There are many problems here there is not attempt on anyones part trying to manage conflict. Nor is the much compromise within the company. Andrea uses the avoidance technique and just does what ever Miranda says even if they are impossible like getting her the manuscript for harry potter in 3 days plus another list of all tasks that must be done or shes fired. Andrea also usues yielding because she puts Mirandas needs before her own and starts to change as a person avoiding her other responabilities to her friends and boyfriend (missing/forgetting his birthday) Miranda, andrea and Emily both have personality conflicts with eachother. There are misunderstandings, blaming other for mistakes (Miranda blames andrea for a flight she didn’t get to on time) Andreas low self esteem causes personal conlict with herself , who she is and what her priorities are. Theres also come conflict when andreas is sent to parris instead of Emily. Emily is hurt and mad and andreas did exactly what Miranda did to others. Analysis of Leadership and the Devil Wears Prada Leadership Leaders establish direction by developing a vision of the future and then align people by communicating this vision and inspiring them to overcome hurdles ffective leadership is the key factor of an enterprise’s success Is Miranda Priestly and effective Leader? What is her overall leadership STYLE? These are two questions that we set out to answer in this analysis. Leading is one function of management and effective leadership is the key factor of an enterprise’s success. Leadership is an ability that can influence individuals, groups or or ganizations to realize the already decided target, so to some degree it can be thought that leadership is an ability owned by one leader. Leadership can be expressed and spread through different ways by different people, because it is the different features and characteristics of one person that determine the leadership of him or her. In this film, the leadership of the two main actresses who are Miranda Priestly and Andy Sachs is different. Miranda is absolutely strict and always emphasizes the last results but never takes care of the hard-working process of her employees and never understands well the thinking of her staff because she always what she wants is just what the others want, which is one important reason that Andy leaves her at last. Andy is different from Miranda. She is kind, keen and careful to everyone, and she always can think over some issues in others’ point and position. The most fascinating feature of Andy is that she knows what is she really needs, so she decides to take away from Miranda smartly finally. Although there are so many differences between Andy and Miranda, there are still some features of them in common. To some degree, both Andy and Miranda are effective and successful leaders, and the most common characteristics of them are competent, hard-working and responsible, which are all the most important factors of effective and successful leadership. There are four main factors of leadership, which are leader, follower, situation and communication. The different characteristics of one person and the different group of these four factors can form different leadership style, and different leadership style applies to different conditions and different people. For example, a new employee requires more supervision than an experienced one and a person who lacks of motivation need a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. So in fact, it needs different leadership style, maybe the style of Miranda and maybe the style of Andy. The effective and successful leadership is not absolutely decided by nature, and can be learned and obtained through the hard working, for example, Andy in this film. When she firstly came into the Subway, she felt uncomfortable and stupid, but after her continuous learning and hard working, she became talent and competent and can make impossible missions possible. With the new working group – team becoming popular, another important point should be remembered that in the new century, an effective team leader is needed, so the team leadership should be learned by leaders. The roles of team leader include liaisons with external constituencies, trouble shooter and conflict managers and couches. After thinking over this film, some meaningful suggestions can be drawn about how to make effective and successful leadership for a leader. First, it needs leaders learn continuously in order to improve the leadership, especially the team leadership, and can carry different leadership style according to different situations and different people. Second, put the communication between you and employees on agenda not like Miranda, because the success of your leadership is based on the excellent execution of your followers, so the communication between you is necessary. Thirdly, because the difference in the promotion of male leaders and female leaders exists, so they should carry different leadership properly. At last, leaders should make clear that transactional leadership is different transformational leadership, and use them clearly. Analysis of Power, politics and ethics in the Devil Wears Prada Miranda Priestly and power Power refers to the capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B, so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes. Miranda’s Power Base – Measuring Bases of power Miranda’s power base is far reaching, coercive, reward, legitimate, expert but not really information or referent. Her high performance company runway is the highest industry competitor. The industry provies millions of people with work as she would say and â€Å"the close your wearing were chosen for you by the vary people in this room† she is saying that andreas bad taste in clothing and how she has no care in the world for fashion the garmet she’s wearing was a huge fashion stage years ago She is very authoritarian, aggressive, picky and harsh. Typical examples shown in her speech are, your incompetence does not interest me (6’34), I couldn’t have been clearer (15’58),Please bore someone else with your question (16’17) and this is your responsibility, this is your job (30’01). Miranda often asks her subordinates to do what is impossible to do, like helping her to get a jet during a hurricane and finding the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript for her daughters. She also usually gives directives and uses explicit forms in Commenting or complaining about others. Her words are caustic. COERSIVE Coercive power is power that is based on fear. This is pretty obvious during the entire film as Miranda, along with her reputation is known as the dragon lady†¦.. she uses fear and the fear of firing andrea if she makes a simple mistake or doesn’t meet a dealine She tells andrea to get a copy of the 1 manuscript from jk rowling herself (impossible) and mentions don’t bother showing up tomorrow if you cant get them Reward Reward power is based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. An ongoing line in the movie is â€Å"A million girls would kill to get this job†, if you work at Runway for a year you could get any job in New York that you want. Legitimate Legitimate Power is the power associated with ones position and represents the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. Miranda is at the top of her game in fashion as the editor and chief at the centre of one of the most influential fashion magazines in the world in one of the worlds fashion capitals her legitimate power is very pronounced. Expert Expert power is influence that is based on expertise, special skills or knowledge Being that Miranda Priestly chooses all of the designers that appear in Runway magazine as well as the layout and content and the fact that throughout the movie she is THE authority on all things fashion it goes without saying that her expert power is well defined and recognized. She is very powerful in the industry and her field and it a high profile organization At the end of the movie Miranda starts to show weekness, talking to andrea, crying about her divorce and shows that as powerful as she is she has another side to her most people will never see Andys response to Miranda’s Power Base runs through all 3 general areas relating to power Commitment Andy is initially enthusiastic with her position at runway and shows initiative and persistence in carrying out the sometimes (almost) impossible tasks assigned to her by Miranda Priestly. She shows that she has no self esteem and just follows what ever Miranda says Examples of this include her walking the dog, getting coffee and are dramatically pointed out with her obtaining the unreleased manuscript for the new Harry Potter for Miranda’s young twin girls, along with boogey boards, fip flops, coffee, dresses from calvin kline compliance As her job at Runway takes it’s begins to negatively affect her personal relationships with friends and ultimately the separation of her and her boyfriend. Andy begins to reevaluate her values and how they relate to her job – â€Å"has she compromised her beliefs and is the price to high to pay for this job† Andy continues to carry out her duties at Runway and even changes her appearance to match the company culture at Runway even though she is questioning her choices resistance Resistance to power is carried out by vocal opposition to a request, avoidance, and refusal or with stalling or arguing. This form of response from Andy takes place towards the end of the movie and is a turning point for Andy. She has lost her boyfriend, alienated her friends and has just been told by Miranda that in order to become successful (like her) you have to make choices and sacrifices. Andy protests the choices that Miranda has made that have negatively affected Nigel, her most dedicated employee. When Miranda says that Andy is the same as her, Andy decides to resist by getting out of the limousine throwing her cell phone into a fountain and going back to her boyfriend. Mirandas abuse of power and workplace bullying Andy Sachs is competent and confident in the films early scenes, but she quickly dissolves into a lap dog when confronted with her the magisterial bullying demands of her boss bully and the first assistant. She fetches the coffee, only to be told: Pour it out. I dont want it. She works late, because Priestly expects her to, and she accedes to everything asked of her, including giving up her personal life. Priestly never thanks Sachs for her effort or recognizes her ability. Instead, she deliberately and knowingly criticizes her assistants appearance and performance at every turn. Like many targets, Andy possesses two characteristics: * She has a desire to cooperate, and * She has a non-confronting interpersonal style. While these characteristics may signal a quiet confidence, the bully sees these as evidence that the target will be easy to control and unlikely to fight back. If targets find themselves in this position, they have to educate themselves about the ways of workplace bullying and take control. The boss bullys biggest weapon is the targets denial, the person who says, I should be better. I have to try harder. Bully bosses always undermine their targets; no matter how hard the target tries. Once the target identifies the bully for what she is, however, the target can begin to assert her own power. she Miranda shows throughout the movies she constantly doesn’t care ( calling andrea Emily) she acts as though her employees are beneath her. mirandas political activity Mirandas Influence tactics include: Pressure and legitimacy, rational persuasion Pressure Pressure tactics use demands, threats and reminders to get someone to do something Evidence of pressure as an influence tactic in The Devil Wears Prada is widespread – from the overwhelming anxiety that is rampant in the office during the call out that she is â€Å"on her way up† to the ultimatum that Miranda gives to Andy to accept the trip to Paris for fashion week that her coworker is suppose to have or be fired – essentially stabbing her colleague in the back. egitimacy Legitimacy tactics are used by those who claim the authority or right to make a request showing that it supports organizational goals or policies. Miranda’s legitimacy tactics are evident in her interactions at the fashion event of the year in Paris for Fashion Week. Miranda uses several forms of political activity – Blaming others, Associating with influential people and building Miranda Pr iestly and Ethics Miranda quickly established her role as the ‘Master’ over her ‘Slave’ employees. She lived, ate, and breathed her career. Work and life had merged into one unified and indivisible whole. She expected everyone to have the same devotion to Runway Magazine. Employee’s time with family and friends was an expendable commodity, a frill. * Miranda refused to address her new assistant Andy (Anne Hathaway) by her proper name, and substituted the name of her other assistant. * She demanded that Andy be on call 24/7 (without adequate compensation) * She gave a long list of demands without allowing any questions and expected employees to know the details of each task, but did not provide any training. She sent Andy on multiple errands, without clear instructions, and an impossibly short time-frame under threat of being fired if she did not deliver. * She insulted her intelligence and mocked her style of dress, publicly and privately * She forbade any employees from riding in the elevator with her, which further underlined a Master/Slave relationship. * She bullies all the time throwing her bags at andy and e xpecting anything and everything

Interacting Systems of the Hum essays

Interacting Systems of the Hum essays Today people strive to great lengths to keep their body in a good, healthy condition. Every system in the body, let it be digestion, circulatory (of blood), immune, respiratory, cellular respiratory or kidneys and excretion are all vital. Each have their separate roles, but not one works separately. The human body works as a whole in order to survive, even though not all goes well all the time. The digestive system is in charge of breaking down complex food particles into small molecules that can be transported in the blood plasma. It involves ingestion (taking in food), digestion (breaking down food), and absorption (passing nutrients from the digestive tract to blood stream). Chemicals such as mucin (which line the walls of the stomach to protect it from the acid) and rennin (which aids in the coagulation and digestion of milk proteins) are involved in this complex process. The end result is urine and solid waste. Circulation of blood allows the transportation of some waste products. The liver takes excessive amino acids from the excess protein out of the blood and removes the amino groups in order to convert the rest of the molecule into a useful form for energy production by body cells. Pancreatic hormones such as insulin, increase the removal of glucose from the blood stream; glucagon that stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream and somatostatin that inhibits the action of insulin and other hormones. Without a proper digestive system, the immune system would not be able to fight off diseases that try and sometimes do infect the body. Vitamins, such as the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are important for the performance of the immune system. Other vitamins such as Vitamin C and B diffuse across the intestinal lining and move directly into the capillaries. Iron is a very important mineral that is required for the production of hemoglobin which is part of the red blood cell (important for immunity). The...

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study - Research Paper Example County, Western Walsh County, Grand Forks, Pembina, Cass County and Williams among the counties and areas that have already received flood warnings from National Weather Service in 2010 (NWS Report, 2010). Indeed, the â€Å"heavy winter snowstorms in 1997 led to massive spring flooding along the Red River thereby resulting in migration and displacement of more than ten per cent (10%) citizens† in North Dakota. This not only hampered the economic growth because of a sudden seize in business activities but also disrupted the society at large. It is worthwhile to mention that the financial burden had to be absorbed by US government, which initiated the move to ensure settlement of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in North Dakota with the assistance of International welfare agencies, Non-governmental and Inter governmental organizations. Some of the examples of flood related agencies include Red Cross, The Salvation Army, FEMA, North Dakota Department of Emergency Services, National Weather Service and others etc (Edward, 2000). It must be highlighted that North Dakota has already observed severe storms and flooding in March 2009 followed by recent flooding in March and April 2010 that in turn have increased vulnerability of residents of this state. In fact, residents of affected counties and areas are left with no other option but to migrate to safer places. This paper is an attempt to highlight the impact of natural disasters specifically on Cass County of North Dakota state. The paper will then throw light over the argument that vulnerability seems to be decreasing in Cass County because the experts have measured risk of only 1.4 out 10 in this particular area. In addition, the paper will also discuss any possible economic effects of flooding on Cass County and draw conclusions after analyzing the latest available information and facts. Finally, the paper will end up with a prediction about Cass County’s vulnerability and its future that will be supported by

Community service Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Community service - Research Paper Example The program is meant to be of value to the greater community. The program was initiated in the United States and the legislatures adopted it to avoid the overcrowding experienced in prisons. Offenders who were convicted of non-violent charges would be given days and hours to work in community services rather than being taken to prison (Alarid, 2014). The offenders would also be ordered to make restitution to the various victims in lieu of incarceration. The program however has had it share view of criticism particularly during the early days of its enactment. People would argue that the community services would be beneficial to the community, which had not suffered any loss or affected in the crime. There were suggestions that the community was never a victim in any crime conducted to a person. There were further suggestions that the community service did not make good the community and so it would be a waste to establish the program. To counter these false accusations, judges proved that the community is a secondary victim of any crime. In th e 1997 case ruling (Van Ness and Strong), the judge ruled that the community suffered psychological injuries brought about by fear of any crime committed. The community has in several cases been forced to raise insurance costs and make donations making it to be a secondary victim of any crime committed. Under the program, the crime offender gets the chance to see how his or her crime has impacted the community and get a firsthand experience of the indirect injuries his or her crime causes. Community service gives the offender a chance to see the limit the society tolerates his or her actions. The program gives the offender a proactive and constructive chance to repair the damages caused by his or her crime. Community service is centered on accountability rather than rehabilitation or punishment. The program focuses on the strengths rather than their needs or the offenders. The program overlooks a person’s lack of

Social Networking on Relationships Essay Example for Free

Social Networking on Relationships Essay Social networking sites have a negative influence on children, teenagers and adults. â€Å"A social networking site can be defined as an online service that is based around the building and reflecting of social relations among individuals with common interests or social ties,† . Social networking sites such as Facebook, Skype, and Twitter all vary slightly. They can enable users to create a profile and them to interact through email, IM and other integrated communication channels within the site. The popularity and growth of social networking sites over the past five years has been enormous. Today, there are more than 1 billion active users on face book and users spend over 700 billion minutes per month on this social networking site. As the technology improves and advances, social networking sites have biggest impact on society and human relationships, both positive and negative. I’m going discuss the three main reasons why social networking sites bring many negative impacts pose on today’s media. One main reason social networking has an negative effect is because it ends relationships. One thing is for sure these sites are the breaking point of relationships in conversations amongst our friends and peers. Recent studies have shown that the use of social networks is a contributing factor to break ups of relationships and marriages. Studies show that the significant amount of time spent on these social networks engaged in contact with members of the opposite sex tends to create jealousy and a lack of trust which can lead to the relationship ending. â€Å"The internet makes it much easier to start a relationship, get caught and make a relationship come to an end. From what could be deemed inappropriate comments or postings, to friends of the opposite sex that stirs up feelings of jealousy and mistrust. Also, inboxes being â€Å"overly flirtatious†, lying and cheating. The second reason that social networking is bad for society is that it makes people lazy and overweight. About two decades ago, when people were bored, they would go outside and do something. Nowadays, many people just go on their phones and â€Å"tweet† about how bored they are or scroll through a friends new pictures and click the â€Å"like† button a few times. Sure, social networking might give you something â€Å"to do,† but really, you aren’t doing anything! People sit at computers and eat their self away. Children today don’t know how to communicate face to face with people. They would rather text or IM their friends than even think about having a verbal conversation with them. Children are going to school accessing the network over their phones instead of doing their work. For example, in my home town, a student saw that another student posted a status threatening to bomb the school. Everyone had to evacuate immediately. Another reason to be aware of is the illegal actions that can be performed, such as piracy, fraud, virtual shoplifting, cyber bullying, cyber stalking, sexual harassment, fake identities, or worse death. Can you imagine all of the kids approving a bunch of random people, they do not know being able to come in contact with them? Social Networks create an open access towards exposing individuals’ personal information. â€Å"This includes full name, date of birth, addresses, phone numbers, precise locations, emails, and more. † Exposed private information of adolescents causes them to be at risk with dangerous situations previous listed. Individuals attacked are highly exposed to having psychological problems, becoming afraid of outcomes, becoming depressed and using suicide as a method to stop attacks. Social networks have changed people by allowing them to befriend and contact more people more frequently and more efficiently. Unfortunately, they have also limited some face-to-face conversations with family and friends. Although social networking sites are efficient in providing ways to communicate, we need to limit our use of social networking sites in order to become stronger as individuals and to strengthen our relationships.

Different Types of Bridges Essay -- miscellaneous

Different Types of Bridges The quest for travel has always been one that man has tried to conquer. First, he traveled on foot, and then developed methods of transportation such as boats, but one of the first obstacles that he had to overcome was getting across rivers, waterways, and canals. Today, bridges have become a part of everyday life; hence without them, people would have a much more difficult time going from one place to another. In the United States alone, there are more than half a million bridges (History of Bridges 1). Although bridges have been in existence since ancient times, they were not first made by man. Nature actually made the first bridges by toppling logs across streams. This was considered the first beam bridge as the flat rocks were used to support the log. Then, the water eroded the rocks and eventually a stone bridge was formed. The ancient Romans built arched bridges because they needed roads and bridges to connect the sections of their empire. The original swing bridge, from which the suspension bridge was produced, was a simple vine that swung people over the water. From these beginnings, men created four main types of bridges. To begin with, beam bridges, also known as girder bridges, are one of the easiest and simplest types of bridges to build. In ancient times, people used to make these bridges out of granite. Beam bridges can be made by putting a wooden plank over an area needing to be crossed. To get across larger areas, piers or supports can be fabricated up from the river bed to hold up a couple of beams. The piers of the girder bridge have constant pressure on them. Therefore, the beams, which are usually made out of concrete or steel, have a lot of strength so they do not crumble due to the heavy load. Many beam bridges are made of pre-stressed concrete. This concrete has steel rods inside of it, which help resist tension. When the weight pushes down on a bridge, the top of the beams are pressed together creating compression, while the bottom edge is stretched and causes tension. Beam bridges are not practical in cities with a lot of high rises, because the bridge has very low clearance. The bigge st limitation of the girder bridge is its length. The farther apart the piers are, the weaker the bridge gets. Beam bridges are good to use on spans of up to two hundred feet ( How Bridges Work 1). A bridge of greater... ... long way (Bridges 3). A cable-stayed bridge is used to cross medium lengths, which are approximately five hundred feet to two thousand eight hundred feet (Bridges 3). The cable-stayed bridge requires less cable than a suspension bridge, and is much faster to build in comparison to suspension bridges. Cable stayed bridges are supported by stave towers. These towers are ‘A’ shaped, and absorb almost all of the bridge’s compression. Unlike suspension bridges, cable stayed bridges only have two towers and do not need any anchorages. Now that man has overcome the obstacle of getting across rivers, canals, and waterways efficiently, it is now time to perfect these human creations so no more mishaps happen. Even though people keep hearing about collapsing bridges, they still use them because it has become a part of their everyday life style. Without bridges, people would have a difficult time getting from one place to another. It could be done by means of a ferry or other boat, but that is time consuming and a real pain in the neck because once a person gets across the river or canal, they would have to walk everywhere. So, without bridges, things would not be the way they are today.

Performance Management & Reward System

Performance Management â€Å"How I get my people to do what I want them to do, in the way I want them to do it! † Performance management (PM): Organisations that take performance management seriously, manage a range of different but inter-related topics: †¢Mission †¢Vision †¢Strategy †¢Business plans †¢Values (how people should and should not behave) †¢Culture in which improving performance is valued and developed †¢Monitoring of performance – at individual, unit and Team levels †¢Feedback of that monitoring to staff †¢Clear goals †¢A set of competencies Appraisal discussions †¢Personal development (training, coaching, reading, sittings etc) †¢Management development †¢Good job design †¢Team working (interaction and mutual responsibility) †¢Extrinsic reward and recognition (basic pay, performance pay, awards, saying ‘well done’)†¢Intrinsic rewards (the satisfaction from doing a w orthwhile job reasonably well) †¢Effective remedies for under performers. Performance management levels: †¢Organisation †¢Department †¢Unit †¢Team †¢Individual Data collection for PM: Data is collected at four levels: Inputs: Staff time, budget, data, consumables, energy, and equipment †¢Processes: Support, sales, teaching, research, paperwork, IT, purchasing etc. †¢Outputs: Customers served, bills paid, items sold, students helped, degrees awarded, research written up †¢Outcomes: Profit in a commercial enterprise or service delivery in a service organisation (usually assessed through customer satisfaction).Rules for monitoring performance: (a) Objective: †¢Introduce monitoring as one part of a bigger drive to improve customer experience. (b) Positive: †¢Seek information to improve the customer experience and not to blame people. c) Involvement: †¢Involve responsible people to work on the monitoring, as a part of their driv e to improve the customer experience. †¢If you choose items to monitor and impose those, staff will probably be de-motivated and performance will drop. †¢Treat your staff as professional, responsible and motivated (d) Outcomes: †¢Measure outcomes in preference to outputs. (Governments are obsessed with outputs – numbers of patients treated, lengths of waiting lists, numbers of students receiving degrees, numbers of children who can read and write etc). (e)Tough: Challenge those who like the fuzziness of not knowing how they are doing. (f) Choosy: †¢Pick only the most important factors to monitor as too many measures will be Counterproductive. (g) Numbers: †¢Measure performance numerically, by getting the customer to grade them on a scale 0 to 5. (h) Benchmark: †¢Use the results as your baseline or benchmark, from where you can improve. (i) Communicate: †¢Make sure the targets are known, understood and accepted. (j) Reliable Use reliable sour ces of data. HIGH PERFORMANCE WORKING High performance working (HPW): The four elements of HPW are: )Employee autonomy and involvement in decision making †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility. 2)Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training†¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance. 3)Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance 4)Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. Details will vary from org anisation to organisation. Why HPW: Because if you are not driving up performance: †¢Staff motivation will be lost †¢Quality, quantity and innovation will decline †¢Pressure to reduce your prices will grow or †¢Customers may simply stop buying your goods or services altogether or †¢Competitors may take your work. What does this mean in practice?Employee autonomy and involvement †¢Develop flexibility of skills †¢Team working to give variety and responsibility Support for employee performance †¢Appropriate selection and recruitment processes (finding staff at all levels who will support a high performance culture) †¢Comprehensive induction programmes †¢Sophisticated and wide training †¢Integrated and wide ranging performance management †¢Emphasis upon work-life balance Rewards for performance †¢Offer a career not just a job †¢Harmonised terms and conditions †¢Pay that is competitive with other employers Rewards linked to individual and team performance. Learning †¢Plenty of effective communication †¢Quality improvement teams †¢Lean systems (this can be expanded upon at the workshop) †¢Spending on training. According to 2004 research, by the Engineering Employers’ Federation and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, effects of HPW are: †¢About 20% of increases in productivity and profit in manufacturing †¢Increased job satisfaction and commitment: quality, quantity and innovation †¢Employees more likely to say ‘a great place to work’ †¢Increased earnings potential for employeesImplementing high performance working Things that may need to be addressed are: †¢Getting top management’s commitment, particularly to resource, to communicate and to demonstrate the required behaviours. †¢Getting the resources HPW needs (both financial and risk taking e. g. new reward structures). †¢Carrying out team and in dividual appraisals that make a real difference. †¢Seeking and rewarding discretionary behaviour (Ability x Motivation x Opportunity = AMO). †¢Allowing employees to re-design jobs to maximise interest and challenge. †¢Changing existing strong cultures Increasing levels of trust between management and employees. †¢Getting staff to be understand about organisational performance †¢Involving employees in design and implementation of HPW. †¢Integrating initiatives, so they reinforce each other, therefore: ? Implementation is in bundles ?Staff understand it and show commitment ?Other organisations are used as benchmarks ?Continuous improvement is developed. THE CONTRASTING OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPLOYER AND THE EMPLOYEE †¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe employer wants as much productivity for as little cost as possible, whilst the employee wants as much money for as little effort as possible. †¢Life is more complex than this, but this is a useful start! This is the left win g pluralist approach. †¢The right wing unitarist approach is ‘Prosperous employers make prosperous employees. ’ What is the employer trying to get out of the employee?Principally, an employer wants three things from employees: †¢Quantity (productivity) †¢Quality (producing good work with low wastage) †¢Innovation (finding new and better ways to get the work done). But there are also management issues: †¢Cost †¢Control (of cost and of the employees) What do the elements of good performance look like? We now talk about ‘discretionary behaviour’ i. e. the voluntary effort people put in, over and above the bare minimum, below which they will get into trouble. †¢Employers seek discretionary behaviour and good organisations will establish performance management processes to generate it. It is normally expressed as: Discretionary behaviour = ability x motivation x opportunity †¢If the value of any component on the right is z ero there will be zero discretionary behaviour.†¢Ability is the assumption that people want to apply for jobs, have their attributes recognised and are willing to learn new skills. Motivation assumes that people can be motivated to use their ability in a productive manner. †¢Opportunity assumes people will perform well, engage in high-quality work and participate in wider activities, such as team initiatives or problem solving, if they are given the opportunity to do so. What are the employees’ objectives? This will vary from person to person. Work published by Guest and Conway (2001) on the psychological contract suggested the most common were: †¢A reasonably secure job †¢Fair pay for the work done†¢A career †¢Interesting work †¢Fair treatment by managers †¢Equality of treatment To be kept informed about changes affecting them †¢Involved and consulted about changes affecting them REWARD AND MOTIVATION †¢Motivation is concerne d with WHY people do or refrain from doing things. †¢A motive† is a need or a driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal. †¢As the following formula shows, goals can be tangible – such as higher earnings – or intangible – such as personal reputation or prestige. Motivation at work: We can divide motivation at work into internal and external motivation. a) Internal motivation†¢This is related to the work, where there is a close identity between the task itself and the human needs, e. g. where a cabinet-maker or motor-fitter derives satisfaction from a job well done. (b) External motivation †¢This is independent of the task i. e. the task is merely a means to an end; for instance, when a person works on an assembly line to get high wages. †¢Clashes of interest are resolved in the traditional manner by offering financial in centives and/or threatening the loss of employment – providing external motivation. This traditional â€Å"carrot and stick† idea still lingers – the carrot often being money and the stick, fear. Money: The â€Å"great motivator†. It is a fact that most people go to work because they get paid to do so. However, this basic need for money will only make a worker turn up and do the acceptable minimum. There are a range of other â€Å"carrots† – or positive incentives – offered as an incentive to work, or to particular types of performance, including welfare amenities, holidays, etc. Fear: The â€Å"big stick† theory is rather outdated now, but it is still occasionally appropriate to motivate people through fearIntrinsic and extrinsic motivators: †¢Intrinsic reinforcements of behaviour, which are â€Å"inside the individual† reward feelings, like finding work interesting, feeling appreciated, etc †¢Extrinsic reinfo rcements of behaviour, which are the outside influences and rewards such as money, extra holidays, company car, etc; Problems in work role: (a) Alienation: †¢Psychologists use this term to refer to the feelings of an individual when they are estranged from their situation at work. E. g. the salesperson forced to sell goods in which they have little belief or confidence. b) Anomie: (lack of the usual social or ethical standards) †¢The causes of anomie are to be found in the confusion that arises in large organisations. The individual may be faced with pressures and problems at work that they do not fully understand. (c) Status: †¢Social status refers to the amount of respect paid to an individual. A work role can confer prestige upon a person.Status may be perceived through the possession of symbols, e. g. salary, title of job, work surroundings, dress, company car, etc. †¢Many modern theorists are becoming convinced of the value of the Japanese approach of reduci ng status differences, e. g. veryone to wear the firm’s uniform; single canteen; parking and toilet facilities for all staff, etc. (d) Stress: †¢Psychologists define stress as strain experienced by an individual over a period of time, which impairs the ability of the individual to perform their role. †¢Stress can produce physical or mental symptoms and can be generated by pressures and problems in the work situation. Managers view of motivation: F W Taylor was an early proponent of the dictum that workers should share the same goals as those of the organisation, and the way to achieve this was through the application of scientific management principles.The basis of this approach lay in the following principles. †¢Planning †¢Time and motion study †¢Incentives †¢Working conditions †¢Training The essence of the practical application of the scientific approach is to try to reconcile the needs of the organisation and the needs of the individual. Individual and Organisational Needs: Factors that improve an employee’s level of job satisfaction are: †¢Responsibility †¢Challenge †¢Self-improvement and personal growth †¢Recognition †¢Sense of achievement NEED THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:Hierarchy of Needs D C McClelland’s theory: D C McClelland is another theorist who, from the early 1960s, was concerned with the analysis of human needs. He concentrated on three key needs: i)Need for affiliation: The need of human beings for friendship and meaningful relationships. ii)Need for power: Some people seek power in their work situations; they wish to make a strong impression on people and events. iii) Need to achieve: To many people, the sense of â€Å"getting on†, progressing or being promoted, is very important. Frederick Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory: Frederick Herzberg, writing in the late 1950s and early 1960s, identified two distinct sets of needs in individuals working in organisations: the need to avoid pain and discomfort and the need to develop psychologically as a person.Herzberg proposes several ways in which a higher level of motivation might be promoted: †¢Good quality training: the more a person can do, the more that person can be motivated. †¢Focus on quality of communications, rather than quantity: communication should be direct whenever possible. †¢Job rotation: improving the variety of tasks and responsibilities. †¢Job enlargement: making a person capable of more. Job enrichment: creating meaningful, interesting work. Herzberg believes that it is difficult or impossible to achieve if the job is basically dull, repetitive or uninteresting Douglas McGregor developed a typology of two opposed views about employee behaviour, related to Maslow’s categories of need and considered their implications for management and motivation.The two views are known as Theory X and Theory Y. (a)Theory X â⠂¬ ¢This traditional approach of management, which accepts the worker as a lazy, grasping individual, who must be bribed or coerced into working, McGregor called Theory X. It rests on the following assumptions: The average human being dislikes work. †¢The average human being will avoid work whenever possible. †¢Not only is the average employee lazy but they also lack ambition and do not wish to take on responsibilities. †¢Because of the above characteristics, employees must be strictly controlled and directed. †¢Control of employees must be backed by coercion and threats, if the objectives of the organisation are to be achieved. †¢The average person prefers to be directed and not to have to think deeply for themselves in the work situation. (b)Theory Y McGregor then put forward the set of assumptions that modern managers should act upon.He calls this Theory Y. †¢The physical and mental effort people put into work is a natural human response; it is simil ar to the effort individuals make in games and sport. Hence, work can be enjoyable. †¢Employees do not have to be controlled or threatened; they have reserves of self control and self-motivation †¢Given the opportunities and training, employees will not only take, but also desire and seek, responsibilities. †¢Employees have reservoirs of imagination, creativity and ingenuity and given the right environment and encouragement, they will use these to help solve problems in the work situation. In some modern organisations the potential of employees is not fully utilised; not only is a waste of resources, but it also causes frustration among the workforce. Hence, when workers do not co-operate to achieve organisational goals, the fault may lie in the structure of the organisation rather than in the workers. Ouchi’s Theory Z †¢William Ouchi agreed with the basic ideas put forward by McGregor’s Theory Y and related these to certain of the ideas he detected in Japanese organisations. †¢Ouchi’s theory argues that participation is a crucial motivator.Employees will be motivated to higher levels of performance if they are involved in meaningful participation in decision making in their organisation. PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Difference between a content theory and a process theory: †¢Content or need theories suggest that there are universal needs that all humans have for example security, socialisation, self respect etc. †¢Process theories do not look at the content of the motivational package but at the mental processes that we go through when faced with a situation. Process theories Expectancy Theory:Expectancy Theory is a cognitively based motivational theory, put forward by Victor Vroom. According to this theory the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to us. Attrac tiveness †¢This is the importance we place on the potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. This will consider the unsatisfied needs of the individual. Performance-reward linkage †¢This is the degree to which we believe that performing at a particular level will lead to a desired outcome.Effort-performance linkage †¢The probability that we perceive that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance. The theory can be expressed by the formula: †¢Motivational force (F) = Valency (V) ? Expectancy (E) †¢Valency is the value of the outcome to the person; expectancy is the perceived likelihood of the outcome. Porter and Lawler †¢Porter and Lawler developed expectancy theory in the 1970s. They suggest that the amount of effort (motivation and energy exerted) put into work depends on: †¢The eventual reward †¢The amount of effort necessary to achieve that reward †¢How probable it is that the reward will be forthcomi ng.Attribution theory Kelley’s attribution theory examines the way in which people explain success or failure and the impact on subsequent motivations. Four variables are frequently used: †¢Ability †¢Effort †¢Task difficulty †¢Luck Handy’s motivational calculus Handy looks at motivation as though when a person takes a decision, they give attention to three sets of factors: (a) The individual’s personal needs (b) The desired outcome or results (c)The E factors: Effort, Energy, Excitement in attaining the desired outcome, Enthusiasm, Emotion, Expenditure. The motivation decision will depend on: i) The strength of the person’s needs. (ii) The expectation that by contributing one of the Es, the individual will achieve one of the desired results. (iii) The extent to which the result will contribute to satisfying the person’s needs. Connection with the psychological contract A psychological contract is the perceived relationship betwe en the individual and the organisation and involves the various factors that bind the individual to the enterprise. Three examples of psychological contracts are: †¢A coercive psychological contract exists when a person works because they are forced to do so.They may be tied into the job because the salary and fringe benefits prevent them from moving elsewhere. †¢A remunerative psychological contract exists when a person works for the money. The person may tolerate the job to attain the lifestyle it provides. This differs from the coercive contract as the remunerative contract may bind the person in the short term, only to be severed if a better deal is available elsewhere. †¢A collaborative psychological contract is one in which the worker is bound to the organisation by a belief that personal objectives can best be attained by enabling the organisation to fulfil its objectives.From an employer’s point of view, this is more likely to result in having a highly motivated workforce. The person’s desire to achieve can facilitate the company’s performance objectives. EXCELLENCE THEORY AND MOTIVATION †¢Excellence theories originate in the works of writers in the early 1980s, principally based on the work of Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. †¢The nature of these ideas is essentially one of observing successes and failures in actual business scenarios and attempting to draw universal lessons that can then be applied elsewhere. †¢Peters and Waterman did not set out to rite specifically on motivation, but their work comments much on the ability of successful companies to get a high level of commitment from their workers.Among their conclusions were: †¢Original ideas and ingenuity are grossly under-utilised. Drucker’s idea of the â€Å"entrepreneur† (the original thinker and innovator) was extended to suggest that if such persons are employed, their gifts should be harnessed for the benefit of the orga nisation. †¢To motivate workers, it is necessary to get close to the workers and understand the issues affecting them as well as their drives and motivations. They believe that workers respond more positively when they feel more in control of their destiny. †¢In one control group experiment, two teams were given the task of proofreading some text material against a noisy background of a tape containing foreign speech, loud music and other distractions. One group had a button to cut off the noise whilst the other did not. †¢The group with the button made far less errors than the other group. It was found, however, that no one had pressed the button!The fact that the workers felt in control made them work more effectively. Peters and Waterman record a direct application of this in a Ford Motor Company plant whereby any worker could (temporarily) stop the assembly line. This had stunning results in terms of increased productivity and reduced defect rates. PERFORMANCE BAS ED REWARDING IN NOKIA Nokia provides employees with market competitive rewards through a flexible global structure, which can address diverse and changing business and employment environments, as well as specific individual preferences.Our Total Compensation Package is tailored for each country and typically consists of elements such as annual base salary, incentives, bonuses, possible stock options or performance shares, flexible Work-Life balance solutions, and other local benefits. Nokia rewards employees for good performance, competence development, and for overall company success. This creates a positive and encouraging environment with opportunities for employees to optimize their potential and be rewarded fairly. Higher erformance and contribution will lead to higher rewards. The Nokia global market competitive rewards structure addresses the need for flexibility, personalization, empowerment and commitment. The basic salary is set to meet market conditions, the demands of th e job and individual competence and performance. The variable part may consist of incentives or bonuses and other compensation, such as overtime pay and call-out pay. Bonus System Employees should have the opportunity to share in the success of Nokia.Short-term incentive programs such as individual, team, project/program incentives and the Nokia Connecting People Bonus allow Nokia to offer immediate rewards for employee and team achievements. The Stock Option Plan is a long-term reward that may allow employees to share in sustained company success. Eligibility for an incentive, bonus or stock option plans is defined by the content and nature of each individual's job. Local Benefits Additional local rewards and benefits are also developed to complement the global programs and to ensure that the local market conditions are met.Annual Reviews Nokia has implemented a global process, where the change in the pay level for each employee is based on the results of the annual performance rev iew. Health Nokia cares for its employees right throughout the cycle of their working life: from induction and training, through development and advancement, and on to retirement. Nokia's Work-Life balance solutions mean that health benefits and possible local retirement benefits are tailored to individual needs according to factors such as tenure, contribution, performance, roles and responsibilities.The environment in which we do business is evolving continuously. To succeed, we must have the passion and courage to look for new ideas beyond existing products, services and ways of working. Only with truly innovative ideas will we be able to define the future development of our industry and profoundly shape the way in which people understand and use our products and services in their everyday lives. Rewarding performance Nokia rewards employees competitively through a global reward framework designed to recognize individual contribution and achievement.Levels of compensation are det ermined by local labour markets and take into account both individual and company performance. Their reward programs – including bonuses – recognize performance based on individual, team and company results. We introduced changes to their incentive plans in 2007 to make the plans simpler, more consistent and able to deliver equal or higher payouts if target performance or above is achieved. A wide number of employees are eligible to join their equity programs, based on rewarding performance and retaining top employees.Their broad-based equity compensation programs include stock options and performance shares. Both are linked to the company’s performance over a number of years. We communicate with employees about the effect of business results on their incentives after each quarterly announcement, through articles and video messages on our intranet news channel, the News Hub. We also communicate through quarterly letters, blogs, webcasts and face-to-face meetings . In addition, information is available on the Know Your Business section of our intranet.